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The article relates the different types of adult education, continuing education, and training to an overall societal context of socioeconomic modernization by focusing on the multiple functions of adult learning. Each of the well-known empirical categories is seen in its historical relation to modernization processes. Literacy is a precondition for the development of division of labor and remote power relations, community education defending and sometimes enhancing cultural and social autonomy, and lately, the lifelong learning which is required for work competence but also seems to take an all embracing form which sets a new framework for human participation in the new global society.

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